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However, despite decades of amazing work identifying the molecular players involved in these processes, and mapping their interactions genome-wide, we are currently unable to describe the function connecting 3D chromatin structure and transcription dynamics. This limitation stems from the fact that chromatin structure and gene expression emerge from intrinsically stochastic transitions at the single-cell level, and we are missing the critical temporal parameters associated with these transitions. Therefore, new tools to measure both chromatin structure and transcription over time in single cells are critical for understanding how the human genome is read and for predictively controlling the epigenome.  Here, we propose to develop a new set of live single-cell imaging technologies to simultaneously measure changes in 3D chromatin structures and their associated dynamics of gene expression across a large range of timescales: from dynamics of individual topologically associated domains and enhancer-promoter interactions, to changes associated with stable epigenetic memory across cell cycles. For the shorter timescales (under a cell cycle), our new imaging approach combines live super-resolution microscopy of fluorescently labeled loci with end-point demultiplexing of loci identity using Optical Reconstruction of Chromatin Architecture (ORCA), in order to track and trace 3-12 points within a functional chromatin unit. This new technique, which we call live-ORCA, will allow us to measure for the first time the temporal dynamics of an entire topologically associated domain in single cells. We will use live-ORCA in conjunction with time-lapse imaging of transcriptional bursting to study the dynamics of promoter-enhancer activity throughout cell differentiation and under perturbations of the chromatin network. For the longer timescale (across multiple cell cycles), our approach will combine time-lapse microscopy of gene expression, monitoring the distance between two tagged genomic loci as a live reporter of chromatin structure, and end-point chromatin tracing of the entire gene neighborhood using ORCA. We will perform these measurements in two systems: at a highly controlled synthetic reporter where we can induce either short-term silencing or long-term epigenetic memory, and at time points in differentiation when genes commit epigenetically to a new transcriptional state. Moreover, in order to further investigate the mechanism of epigenetic inheritance, we will develop a novel microfluidic device that allows us to track changes in chromatin 3D structures across individual cell lineages. Finally, to test our quantitative understanding, we will go back and forth between these single-cell data and theoretical modelling of chromatin dynamics. 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Rad21-AID - 4DNEX3MP8DJN", "external_references": [], "experiment_sets": [{"experimentset_type": "replicate", "display_title": "4DNES14BEOD7", "@type": ["ExperimentSetReplicate", "ExperimentSet", "Item"], "accession": "4DNES14BEOD7", "uuid": "008f4c97-9986-4e14-a610-87acc17cc8ee", "@id": "/experiment-set-replicates/4DNES14BEOD7/", "status": "released", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}], "produced_in_pub": {"@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "ID": "PMID:37146570", "date_published": "2023-05-04", "abstract": "Although population-level analyses revealed significant roles for CTCF and  cohesin in mammalian genome organization, their contributions at the single-cell  level remain incompletely understood. Here, we used a super-resolution microscopy  approach to measure the effects of removal of CTCF or cohesin in mouse embryonic  stem cells. Single-chromosome traces revealed cohesin-dependent loops, frequently  stacked at their loop anchors forming multi-way contacts (hubs), bridging across  TAD boundaries. Despite these bridging interactions, chromatin in intervening  TADs was not intermixed, remaining separated in distinct loops around the hub. At  the multi-TAD scale, steric effects from loop stacking insulated local chromatin  from ultra-long range (>4 Mb) contacts. Upon cohesin removal, the chromosomes  were more disordered and increased cell-cell variability in gene expression. Our  data revise the TAD-centric understanding of CTCF and cohesin and provide a  multi-scale, structural picture of how they organize the genome on the  single-cell level through distinct contributions to loop stacking.", "title": "Loop stacking organizes genome folding from TADs to chromosomes.", "short_attribution": "Hafner A et al. (2023)", "status": "current", "authors": ["Hafner A", "Park M", "Berger SE", "Murphy SE", "Nora EP", "Boettiger AN"], "uuid": "1433f4f6-792e-4ec8-b966-206a0b1d5ff0", "display_title": "Hafner A et al. 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Single-chromosome traces revealed cohesin-dependent loops, frequently  stacked at their loop anchors forming multi-way contacts (hubs), bridging across  TAD boundaries. Despite these bridging interactions, chromatin in intervening  TADs was not intermixed, remaining separated in distinct loops around the hub. At  the multi-TAD scale, steric effects from loop stacking insulated local chromatin  from ultra-long range (>4 Mb) contacts. Upon cohesin removal, the chromosomes  were more disordered and increased cell-cell variability in gene expression. Our  data revise the TAD-centric understanding of CTCF and cohesin and provide a  multi-scale, structural picture of how they organize the genome on the  single-cell level through distinct contributions to loop stacking.", "journal": "Molecular cell", "uuid": "1433f4f6-792e-4ec8-b966-206a0b1d5ff0", "@type": ["Publication", "Item"], "ID": "PMID:37146570", "status": "current", "principals_allowed": {"view": ["system.Everyone"], "edit": ["group.admin"]}}], "experiment_categorizer": {"field": "Target", "value": "30-Mb chr3 (mouse)", "combined": "Target: 30-Mb chr3 (mouse)"}, "experiment_summary": "multiplexed FISH on ES-E14TG2a with Rad21-AID", "@context": "/terms/", "aggregated-items": {"badges": [{"parent": "/biosamples/4DNBS58H5UFK/", "embedded_path": "biosample.badges", "item": {"messages": ["Biosample missing Cell Culture Details"], "badge": {"commendation": null, "warning": "Biosample Metadata Incomplete", "uuid": "2b2cc7ff-b7a8-4138-9a6c-22884fc71690", "@id": "/badges/biosample-metadata-incomplete/", "badge_icon": "/static/img/badges/biosample-icon.svg", "description": "Biosample is missing metadata information required as part of the standards implemented by the 4DN Samples working group."}}}]}, "validation-errors": []}